
Validation Studies
Validation Studies SHARE THE ARTICLE ON Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Table of Contents Testing Validity in Survey Research Validity is
Find the best survey software for you!
(Along with a checklist to compare platforms)
Take a peek at our powerful survey features to design surveys that scale discoveries.
Explore Voxco
Need to map Voxco’s features & offerings? We can help!
We’ve been avid users of the Voxco platform now for over 20 years. It gives us the flexibility to routinely enhance our survey toolkit and provides our clients with a more robust dataset and story to tell their clients.
Steve Male
VP Innovation & Strategic Partnerships, The Logit Group
Explore Regional Offices
Find the best survey software for you!
(Along with a checklist to compare platforms)
Take a peek at our powerful survey features to design surveys that scale discoveries.
Explore Voxco
Need to map Voxco’s features & offerings? We can help!
We’ve been avid users of the Voxco platform now for over 20 years. It gives us the flexibility to routinely enhance our survey toolkit and provides our clients with a more robust dataset and story to tell their clients.
Steve Male
VP Innovation & Strategic Partnerships, The Logit Group
Explore Regional Offices
Get started with Voxco’s ultimate guide to sampling methods
SHARE THE ARTICLE ON
Researchers conduct online surveys to understand opinions that are relevant to their target audience (the population that interacts with the product or offerings). But not everyone is a part of the target audience, and therefore, to improve the quality of the insights generated from the survey, it is important for the researchers to understand who to include in the survey research.
Before conducting surveys using online survey software, researchers can use market research tools that have survey panel managers to create samples to ensure high survey response rates.
Cluster sampling is a type of probability sampling. But before we learn about that, let’s look at what is probability sampling.
In probability sampling, you need to randomly select a sample from the target population. By randomly selecting a sample you ensure that every person or organization in your population has an equal possibility of being selected.
For example, in gameshows, you must have seen participants randomly selected when the host picks their name from a jar.
Cluster sampling when used, gives every unit/person in the population an equal and known chance of being selected in the sample group.
For this method of sampling, researchers divide the population into internally heterogeneous and externally homogeneous subpopulations known as clusters. The clusters are externally homogeneous as they appear to be grouped together by a shared characteristic/criteria but are internally heterogeneous because the subpopulations within the clusters have different compositions.
Clusters may be divided by different cities in a country, different areas in a city, different organizations, different universities, different industrial estates, etc. After these clusters have been decided, researchers select certain clusters and eliminate the rest.
For example, if you’re conducting a study across all cities in the United States, you can use cluster sampling to eliminate certain cities, or clusters, in order to select your final sample group.
Start collecting customer insights with the free Customer Experience Survey Template
Typically, there are three types of cluster sampling:
When we talk about “stages” in the context of sampling, it indicates the number of steps taken toward selecting the desired sample group.
Let’s go over the three main types of this sampling method:
One-stage sampling, also known as single-stage cluster sampling, is a method where every element within the selected clusters will become a part of the sample group. This is oftentimes not feasible if the target population is vast, and the clusters are too large to include fully.
For example, if you were to conduct a study on the consumption of soda in a particular city, you could use area sampling to divide the city into different areas, called clusters, and then select certain clusters to be a part of the sample group.
Two-stage sampling is a more feasible and realistic method of sampling in cases where the population is too large or is scattered over a large geographical area.
In this method, simple random sampling (sometimes other sampling methods like systematic sampling are also used) is used to select elements from the selected clusters, further narrowing down to the desired sample size.
Carrying forward the previous example, if your sample is too large even after eliminating the clusters that weren’t selected, you may use two-stage sampling to further narrow down the sample.
With two-stage sampling, you can use simple random sampling to select elements from each one of the selected clusters. The units of the narrowed-down sample group will be the selected respondents for the study on soda consumption.
Multistage sampling takes two-stage sampling further by adding a step, or a few more steps, to the process of obtaining the desired sample group. This means that you need to use multiple steps to obtain the desired sample, and at each stage, you are left with a smaller and smaller sample group.
This is the most complex of the three cluster sampling methods but is also the most advantageous for very large populations and/or geographically dispersed populations.
To further build on the example of the study of soda consumption, let’s assume the city you are researching is a highly populous one like New York. In such a case, it’s probable that even after implementing two-stage sampling, you may not reach your desired sample size. You can then take further steps to obtain your desired sample size using multistage sampling.
These are three ways this sampling method is categorized. Now let’s look at the steps to cluster sample.
This sampling method is mostly used by market researchers to gather information about the clusters of the entire target population when they are unable to survey the entire population.
These are the following steps used to perform single-stage cluster sampling:
Step1: Decide on a target population and desired sample size.
✔ Clearly define the population you want to gather data from.
Step 2: Divide the target population into clusters based on specific criteria.
✔ Make sure each cluster you create represents the entire target population.
✔ The clusters should also be diverse, i.e. mutually exclusive. Each cluster should represent every possible characteristic of the target population.
✔ Ensure that the clusters don’t occur at the same time. They shouldn’t overlap.
Step 3: Select clusters using methods of random selection while keeping in mind the desired sample size.
✔ When the clusters represent the target population you can imitate simple random sampling. This will ensure the validity of the research result.
Step 4: Collect data from the final sample group.
✔ Select the way you want to collect data and conduct your research.
Further steps may be taken using two-stage or multistage sampling to achieve desired sample size if it cannot be achieved through one-stage sampling.
We have defined the steps and also the requirements in each step to cluster sample. Now, let’s see the advantages and disadvantages of this sampling method.
Right Data from Right People!
Create high-quality samples with Voxco Audience
10 M professionals + 90+ profiling points + 20-30% savings
This sampling is used when it is impossible to gather information from the entire population. Along with this simple benefit, there are a few more advantages to this sampling method.
Cluster sampling is relatively easy to implement.
The cluster sampling method is more cost-effective and time-efficient in contrast to some other forms of probability sampling, such as simple random sampling.
If clusters of the population are made properly, this sampling method can create highly reliable/valid results as the selected sample group will mirror similar characteristics of the population.
Like advantages, there are also quite a few disadvantages of using cluster sampling such as
The results of this sampling method can be imprecise if clusters aren’t created properly. Results are usually not as valid as those that are resulted from simple random sampling.
The results of cluster sampling are usually also difficult to compute and interpret.
This method of sampling also tends to be difficult to plan and execute, in comparison to some other forms of sampling.
It is also relatively more prone to high sampling error. You can find out your margin of error using the margin of error calculator.
Cluster sampling is more useful when a survey needs to be conducted over a larger population. When the population is larger for you to survey it as a whole, that’s where cluster sampling comes in.
Creating cluster samples that represent the target population helps reduce bias in survey results.
Area sampling is one example of this sampling method.
A bakery owner is planning to expand her business. Before that, she wants to know how many people from the neighborhood buy her bakery products. She splits the neighborhood into several areas and randomly selects customers to form cluster samples. Then she surveys every member chosen from the neighborhood for her research.
Let’s say the management of a toy company wants to examine how all of its outlets are performing in the market. The management divides the outlets based on their location and randomly selects samples to form clusters. Then they use the cluster sample to study the performance of all the outlets.
[Related read: Guide to Sampling Methods]
Cluster sampling and stratified sampling both divide the population into subgroups.
So what is the difference between the two? Here’s what:
1. The main objective of cluster sampling is to reduce costs.
In stratified sampling, the objective is to accurately represent the population and obtain results that aptly represent the population.
2. The subgroups of cluster samples are called clusters, not all of these clusters are included in the sample group, and some are eliminated.
In stratified random sampling, on the other hand, elements are picked from each subgroup (also known as strata) so that each stratum is equally represented in the sample group.
3. Elements from every stratum are chosen in stratified random sampling.
Whereas in cluster samples, whole clusters are chosen to be a part of the sample group.
4. Within each stratum in stratified random sampling, the sub-population is homogeneous.
In contrast, each cluster has a sub-population that is heterogeneous.
5. Stratified random sampling requires the entire population for the sampling frame.
While cluster sampling only requires selected clusters.
[Related read: Stratified Sampling Vs Cluster Sampling]
Are you looking for the best research tools?
Voxco lets you conduct the most cost-effective research!
This sampling method is typically used in market research and geographical research. In both cases, the population is large and so the researchers divide the population into clusters to get the information they need.
It is the most reliable and affordable sampling method. Once you make your clusters, you can use online survey software to gather data from randomly selected respondents. This way you can focus more on your research and less on worrying about how to collect the data.
Read more
Validation Studies SHARE THE ARTICLE ON Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Table of Contents Testing Validity in Survey Research Validity is
Survey Features Net Promoter Score® Survey Create Net Promoter Score® surveys to effortlessly close your customer feedback loop. Get a free evaluation Unlock your Sample
AI Surveys SHARE THE ARTICLE ON Table of Contents What do you mean by surveys in AI? Businesses conduct research on markets to identify the
What is a Quasi-Experimental Design? SHARE THE ARTICLE ON Table of Contents What is a Quasi-Experimental Design? In experimental research, units are assigned to an
Survey Features Card Sorting Get a free evaluation Unlock your Sample Survey Get your current survey solution evaluated by our experts. Home What do you
5 Tips for writing the best matrix survey questions Get your survey research started with Voxco Book a demo SHARE THE ARTICLE ON Table of
We use cookies in our website to give you the best browsing experience and to tailor advertising. By continuing to use our website, you give us consent to the use of cookies. Read More
Name | Domain | Purpose | Expiry | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
hubspotutk | www.voxco.com | HubSpot functional cookie. | 1 year | HTTP |
lhc_dir_locale | amplifyreach.com | --- | 52 years | --- |
lhc_dirclass | amplifyreach.com | --- | 52 years | --- |
Name | Domain | Purpose | Expiry | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
_fbp | www.voxco.com | Facebook Pixel advertising first-party cookie | 3 months | HTTP |
__hstc | www.voxco.com | Hubspot marketing platform cookie. | 1 year | HTTP |
__hssrc | www.voxco.com | Hubspot marketing platform cookie. | 52 years | HTTP |
__hssc | www.voxco.com | Hubspot marketing platform cookie. | Session | HTTP |
Name | Domain | Purpose | Expiry | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
_gid | www.voxco.com | Google Universal Analytics short-time unique user tracking identifier. | 1 days | HTTP |
MUID | bing.com | Microsoft User Identifier tracking cookie used by Bing Ads. | 1 year | HTTP |
MR | bat.bing.com | Microsoft User Identifier tracking cookie used by Bing Ads. | 7 days | HTTP |
IDE | doubleclick.net | Google advertising cookie used for user tracking and ad targeting purposes. | 2 years | HTTP |
_vwo_uuid_v2 | www.voxco.com | Generic Visual Website Optimizer (VWO) user tracking cookie. | 1 year | HTTP |
_vis_opt_s | www.voxco.com | Generic Visual Website Optimizer (VWO) user tracking cookie that detects if the user is new or returning to a particular campaign. | 3 months | HTTP |
_vis_opt_test_cookie | www.voxco.com | A session (temporary) cookie used by Generic Visual Website Optimizer (VWO) to detect if the cookies are enabled on the browser of the user or not. | 52 years | HTTP |
_ga | www.voxco.com | Google Universal Analytics long-time unique user tracking identifier. | 2 years | HTTP |
_uetsid | www.voxco.com | Microsoft Bing Ads Universal Event Tracking (UET) tracking cookie. | 1 days | HTTP |
vuid | vimeo.com | Vimeo tracking cookie | 2 years | HTTP |
Name | Domain | Purpose | Expiry | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
__cf_bm | hubspot.com | Generic CloudFlare functional cookie. | Session | HTTP |
Name | Domain | Purpose | Expiry | Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
_gcl_au | www.voxco.com | --- | 3 months | --- |
_gat_gtag_UA_3262734_1 | www.voxco.com | --- | Session | --- |
_clck | www.voxco.com | --- | 1 year | --- |
_ga_HNFQQ528PZ | www.voxco.com | --- | 2 years | --- |
_clsk | www.voxco.com | --- | 1 days | --- |
visitor_id18452 | pardot.com | --- | 10 years | --- |
visitor_id18452-hash | pardot.com | --- | 10 years | --- |
lpv18452 | pi.pardot.com | --- | Session | --- |
lhc_per | www.voxco.com | --- | 6 months | --- |
_uetvid | www.voxco.com | --- | 1 year | --- |